[期刊速览]《北京工商大学学报（社会科学版）》2018年第2期(双月刊)(总第200期)

　　·专家特稿·

　　我国四次创业浪潮的演进:从“难民效应”到“企业家效应”

　　作者：李长安(对外经济贸易大学公共管理学院，北京 100029)

　　摘要：文章研究了改革开放以来我国创业活动的发展历程及其演变规律，揭示了历次创业浪潮形成的经过、产生的经济背景及其发展状况。在统计分析历年新增私营企业增长变化的基础上，认为迄今为止我国一共出现了四次创业浪潮。基于引发创业活动的“难民效应”与“企业家效应”理论，研究发现，前三次创业浪潮形成过程中，“难民效应”发挥着主导作用，主要表现为创业者是以劳动力市场的困难者、失败者为主，普遍素质较低，创业行为大多属于被动型创业和生存型创业。第四次创业浪潮则呈现出由“难民效应”向“企业家效应”转变的趋势，创业者群体更加多样化，素质明显提高，机会型创业逐渐成为创业行为的主流。为了将第四次创业浪潮推向深入，必须正确处理好政府与市场的关系，不断提高创业扶持政策的实施效果和精准性，将提高创业质量作为推动“双创”活动的重要环节，继续强化创业创新的有效对接，加强培训提高创业层次，努力改善创业环境，以推动创业浪潮持续发展。

　　关键词：创业浪潮；难民效应；企业家效应；创业质量；创业环境；企业存活率

　　中图分类号:F279.2 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1009-6116(2018)02-0001-09

　　基金项目：国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国经济下行阶段就业结构调整与防范失业战略研究”(16ZDA026)；教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目“人力资本对创业活动的影响研究”(14YJA790020)。

　　作者简介：李长安(1969—),男,江西南丰人,对外经济贸易大学公共管理学院教授,博士生导师,博士,研究方向为劳动经济学、教育经济学。

　　Evolution of Four Waves of Entrepreneurship in China:From "Refugee Effect" to “Entrepreneur Effect"

　　LI Chang’an(School of Public Administration,University of International Business and Economics，Beijing 100029,China)

　　Abstract: This paper studies the development and evolution of entrepreneurial activity in China since the reform and opening up to the world,which reveals the waves of entrepreneurship in their formation process,economic background and development. Based on the statistical analysis of the growth in the newly-emerging private enterprises,it concludes that there have been four waves of entrepreneurship in China so far. Based on the theory of "refugee effect" and the theory of "entrepreneurial effect" which create entrepreneurial activities,this paper finds that in the previous three waves of entrepreneurship,"refugee effect" has played a leading role,with the entrepreneurs mainly the losers in labor market who are generally low in their quality and whose　entrepreneurial behaviors are mostly passive type and survival type. But in the 4th wave,it reveals a trend from "refugee effect" to "entrepreneurial effect" in an evolutionary process of entrepreneurial activity,with diversified entrepreneur groups and obviously high quality. Opportunity type entrepreneurship has gradually become a main entrepreneurial activity. In order to promote the 4th wave of entrepreneurship in depth,it is necessary to deal well with the relationship between government and market,continuously improve the efficiency and accuracy of entrepreneurship support policy,pay attention to improve the quality of entrepreneurship as the important link to implement "mass entrepreneurship and innovation",strengthen the effective combination of entrepreneurship and innovation,enhance the level of entrepreneurship by training,and make efforts to improve the business environment to push forward the development of entrepreneurial wave.

　　Key Words:entrepreneurial wave; refugee effect; entrepreneur effect; entrepreneurial quality; entrepreneurial environment; enterprise survival rate

　　(本文责编 王 轶)

　　·“国家预算”专题·(主持人:谢志华教授)

　　国有资本运营职能从国有企业剥离的改革逻辑及绩效评价体系重构

　　作者：文宗瑜1、2，宋韶君1(1.中国财政科学研究院，北京 100142；2.北京工商大学国有资产管理协同创新中心，北京 100048)

　　摘要：国有企业在从事资本运营和产业经营过程中，往往是产业经营被忽略，产品创新和产业升级被忽视，依赖资本运营不断甚至无限做大资产规模成为大多数国有企业的目标。通过深化国有企业改革，把国有资本运营职能从国有企业剥离，由国有资本投资公司和运营公司进行国有资本的专业化运营，国有企业回归产品产业经营，进而专注于实体经济，实现国有资本运营与国有企业经营的各司其职。与国有资本运营职能从国有企业剥离相适应，要重新构建国有资本专业化运营的绩效评价体系。国有资产资本化率、国有资产总额年平均周转率、国有股权创新覆盖率等指标，应纳入国有资本专业化运营的绩效评价体系中，并设计成为核心绩效评价指标。

　　关键词：国有资本；运营职能；绩效评价；国有资产资本化率；国有资产总额年平均周转率；国有股权创新覆盖率

　　中图分类号:F123.7 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1009-6116(2018)02-0010-08

　　基金项目：国家社会科学基金重大项目 (14ZDA027)；北京市社会科学基金重大项目(15ZDA51)。

　　作者简介：文宗瑜(1963—)，男，山东桓台人，中国财政科学研究院研究员，博士，北京工商大学国有资产管理协同创新中心研究人员，研究方向为宏观经济运行、国资管理及国有资本经营预算等；宋韶君(1987—)，女，山东青岛人，中国财政科学研究院博士研究生，研究方向为财务会计。

　　Reform Logic in Divestiture of Operational Function of State-owned Capital from SOEs and Reconstruction of Performance Appraisal System

　　WEN Zongyu1, 2 & SONG Shaojun1(1.Chinese Academy of Fiscal Sciences,Beijing 100142,China;2.Collaborative Innovation Centre for State-owned Assets Administration,Beijing Technology and Business University,Beijing 100048,China)

　　Abstract: The state-owned enterprises are engaged in both capital operation and industrial management. Frequently,industrial management is ignored and industrial upgrading of product innovation is neglected. Dependence on capital operation to continuously and even unlimitedly expand the asset scale has become the goals of most state-owned enterprises (SOEs). By deepening the reform in the SOEs with state-owned assets for the divestiture of operational function of state-owned capital from SOEs,the corporations invested and operated by state-owned assets can carry out the specialized operation of state-owned assets,and the SOEs can revert to industrial management of products with focus on real economy,which makes the state-owned capital operation and SOE’s industrial management take their own responsibility. To adapt to the divestiture of operational function of state-owned capital from SOEs,the performance appraisal system should be reconstructed for the specialized operation of state-owned assets.The index such as capitalization rate of state-owned assets,annual average rate of total value of state-owned assets,coverage rate of state-owned equity innovation,etc. should be put in the performance appraisal system for the specialized operation of state-owned assets and should be designed to be core index for performance appraisal.

　　Key Words: state-owned capital; operational function; performance appraisal; capitalization rate of state-owned assets; annual average rate of total value of state-owned assets; coverage rate of state-owned equity innovation

　　(本文责编 王沈南)